5月12日和13日，乌克兰总统泽连斯基的夫人奥琳娜·泽联斯卡娅和乌克兰外长库列巴访问了巴尔干半岛的塞尔维亚。

这是2022年2月俄罗斯在乌克兰展开“特别军事行动”以来，乌克兰外长和第一夫人首次访问塞尔维亚。    FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. -- A California property manager was sentenced to a year in federal prison for sending more than 200 vile online messages to a father of a teenage girl who died in the 2018 massacre at Florida's Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. James Catalano, 62 of Fresno, was sentenced Friday by U.S. District Judge Robert Scola in Miami after pleading guilty in March to cyberstalking. Prosecutors called the messages he sent Fred Guttenberg “callous and cruel.”Guttenberg's 14-year-old daughter Jaime Guttenberg was murdered in the Feb. 14, 2018, shooting in Parkland that left 14 students and three staff members dead. Catalano also received three years probation and must undergo mental health treatment. Catalano sent Guttenberg messages for eight months starting in December 2021 that celebrated Jaime Guttenberg's death and reveled in the wounds she suffered. He also mocked the sadness and loss Guttenberg feels and directed obscenities, slurs and disturbing insults to him and his daughter. Catalano told investigators he was angry at Guttenberg for his outspoken advocacy for stronger gun laws since his daughter's death. He told them he believed Guttenberg was using his daughter's death “to push his political agenda” and was “trying to put (Guttenberg) in check by sending him the messages.”“By his own admission, the defendant was motivated to stalk the victim and send him heinous messages simply because he disagreed with the victim’s political views,” Assistant U.S. Attorney Arielle Klepach wrote in court documents. “He capitalized on the victim’s grief and the horrific nature of his daughter’s death in order to silence him.” She wrote that Catalano sent similar messages to others, but he has not been charged in those cases. Guttenberg said Monday that the sentence “is a big deal” and sends a message to those who cyberstalk the families of shooting victims that they will be caught and punished. He said Judge Scola agreed that while none of the messages contained a direct threat, in their totality they constituted one. Catalano's attorneys did not immediately return a call Monday seeking comment. The former student who murdered Jaime Guttenberg and the others is serving a life sentence.。

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塞尔维亚是个重要的斯拉夫国家，在俄乌冲突问题上的立场也非常特别，所以泽连斯基夫人的访问也引起舆论关注。

由于同为斯拉夫民族、宗教和文化相近、历史上多次结盟等原因，塞尔维亚和俄罗斯的关系一直很紧密。特别是近些年，在塞尔维亚科索沃地区闹独立的问题上，俄罗斯坚定支持塞尔维亚，在联合国帮了不少忙，所以塞尔维亚应该很感激俄罗斯。

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这次俄乌战争爆发后，塞尔维亚宣称采取“中立立场”，实际上是想保持某种平衡。

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他公开谴责了俄罗斯的行为“破坏主权”，并向乌克兰提供人道主义援助和金融援助，接纳了部分乌克兰难民。

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但另一方面，塞尔维亚反对制裁俄罗斯，是三个反对制裁俄罗斯的欧洲国家之一（另外两个是欧盟成员国匈牙利和斯洛伐克）。塞尔维亚一些民族主义者，在战争之初还自发上街支持俄罗斯的军事行动。

因此西方一些舆论认为，匈牙利总理欧尔班是“普京在欧盟内的朋友”，而塞尔维亚则是俄罗斯在欧洲最好的朋友——塞尔维亚新一届政府中，有几名部长还在美国的制裁名单上。

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所以这次乌克兰第一夫人和外长到访塞尔维亚，自然会引人关注。

从公开行程看，泽连斯基夫人和塞尔维亚总统武契奇夫妇以及塞尔维亚总理武切维奇都举行了会谈，武契奇夫妇还陪同泽连斯基夫人游览了贝尔格莱德一些景点。

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泽连斯基夫人感谢塞尔维亚对乌克兰的人道援助，她还参观了贝尔格莱德图书馆，出席了该馆“乌克兰书架”的揭幕仪式——此时强调乌克兰元素也有重要意义，因为俄罗斯的民族主义认为，乌克兰文化应该是俄罗斯文化的一部分。

虽然从这些活动和言论看，双方较少涉及军事和政治，但正如泽连斯基夫人在社交媒体上发文所说，这些都是“软实力”。也就是说，乌克兰第一夫人出访，注重的是软实力。

路透社的一篇分析甚至说，这可能意味着一直“亲俄”的塞尔维亚，在俄乌冲突问题上，立场逐渐偏向乌克兰。

这种分析当然有些偏颇，塞尔维亚在这种大问题上的立场，短期内不太可能有大转变。实际上，塞尔维亚一直在加入欧盟（该国已是欧盟候选国）和保持与俄罗斯传统关系之间寻找平衡点。

不过，从另一方面看，乌克兰第一夫人在塞尔维亚受到非常友好的接待，而且在有些场合突出乌克兰文化因素，肯定也是俄罗斯不愿看到的。

而武切维奇总理在和库列巴会谈后，转头又和俄罗斯驻塞尔维亚大使见面，参观俄塞合作的能源项目，大概也反映了塞尔维亚还是想“保持中立”的立场。

可见，乌克兰要想发挥软实力的影响，还需继续努力。

八 | （钱克锦）